Genre

   Genre 

1.Text Types: NARRATIVE
Purpose:
To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Complication
3. Resolution
4. Reorientation (optional)
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Chronologically arranged
Example:

Story of a Bear and Rabbit

Once upon a time, there lived a bear and a rabbit. The rabbit is a good shot. In contrary, the bear is always clumsy and could not use the arrow.

One day, the bear called over the rabbit and asked the rabbit to take his bow and arrows.

The rabbit was fearing to arouse the bear’s anger so he could not refuse it. He went with the bear and shot enough buffalo to satisfy the hungry family. Indeed he shot and killed so many that there were lots of meats left after. However the bear did not want the rabbit to get any of the meat. The rabbit could not even taste the meat. The poor rabbit would have to go home hungry after his hard day’s work.

The bear was the father of five children. Fortunately, the youngest child was very kind to the rabbit. He was very hearty eater. The mother bear always gave him an extra large piece of meat but the youngest child did not eat it. He would take it outside with him and pretended to play ball with the meat. He kicked toward the rabbit’s house.When he got close to the door he would give the meat with such a great kick. The meat would fly into the rabbit’s house.

In this way, the poor rabbit would get his meal.

2. Recount : to retell something that happened in the past & to tell a series of past event

Generic Structure:

1. Orientation

2. Event(s)

3. ReorientationDominant Language Features:

1. Using Past Tense

2. Using action verb

3. Using adjectives

Ex:

Last morning, Dinar, my roommate woke up late and she had to go to campus.When she wanted to take her motorcycle, in fact she couldn’t move it because there were some motorcycles that blocked up her motorcycle.She tried to move all of the motorcycles, so that her motorcycle could move from the garage. But she couldn’t do it.Then, she called Adel who had that motorcycle which blocked it up. After that, her friend who had that motorcycle helped her. Finally, she could move her motorcycle and rode it to go to campus.

3. Descriptive : to describe person, place, or thing.

Generic Structure:

1. Identification

2. Description
Dominant Language Features:

1. Using Simple Present Tense

2. Using action verb

3. Using adverb

4. Using special technical terms

Ex:

I live in a small house. It has five rooms: there are two bedrooms, a living room, a bathroom, and a kitchen. Indeed it is a small house; but I like living in here for wasting my spare time.When the door is open, I can see the living room. It is so small with only three chairs and a table, nothing else. I prefer reading a novel in this room.My bedroom is in the left side of the living room. In this room there is a night table next to the bed, a TV, a radio, and a computer. When being bored of reading, I usually play online games, chat with my friends via Facebook and so on. Next to my bedroom is my mother's. I do not know what is inside because I never come in to see it. In the right side of the living room there is the kitchen. In the kitchen I have everything I need when I get hungry. It is very pleasure when my mother cooks, the smell fills my whole house.

4. Report : to presents information about something

Generic Structure:

1. General classification

2. Description

Dominant Language Feature:

1. Introducing group or general aspect

2. Using conditional logical connection

3. Using Simple Present Tense

Ex:

Thanksgiving or Thanksgiving Day is a celebration of harvest, thankfulness for peace, and the attempt of Native Americans. It is usually celebrated in late autumn. 

In the past, Thanksgiving was celebrated for their rich harvest in New England. In North America, however, it was originally held to thank God for their survival in the new land which was not easy for them. However, in Canada, it had been celebrated as in New England. Thanksgiving now is celebrated in United States of America and in Canada. Thanksgiving festivals are held every fourth Thursday of November in the U.S and on the second Monday of October in Canada. It is usually celebrated in four to five days in the North America and for three days in Canada.

It is celebrated through families and friends gathering to eat and give good luck. Turkey is the main dish in the thanksgiving dinner. Thanksgiving parades are also usually held. In Thanksgiving homes are decorated with wreaths, fresh and dried flowers. Lamps are lighted to brighten the environment. Tables are decorated with best china and antique silver dishes to mark the occasion.

5. EXPLANATION : To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena.

Generic Structure:

1. General statement

2. Explanation

3. Closing

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using Simple Present Tense

2. Using action verbs

3. Using passive voice

4. Using noun phrase

5. Using adverbial phrase

6. Using technical terms

7. Using general and abstract noun

8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect

Ex:

Today, Everyone must see a plane flying. Even Some of the people have flown with an airplane. Have you ever thought why this heavy metal object can be lifted in the air? How can the airplane fly?

An airplane flies because it can generate a force. The force is scientifically called Lift. It normally moves that heavy airplane upward. So, how does the Lift happen? Well. Lift occurs by the generating of the forward motion of the airplane through the air. please note that this motion of the airplane is produced by what we call the Thrust of the engines.

There are four forces which act on a flying airplane. They are Thrust, Lift , Drag and Weight. How do these four forces work? When the Thrust which is produced by the engines is greater than the force of Drag which is produced by the resistance of the air, the airplane will moves forward. When the forward motion is enough to produce a force of Lift which is greater than the force of Weight, the airplane will moves upward.

6. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION : To reveal the readers that something is the important case

Generic Structure:

1. Thesis

2. Arguments

3. Reiteration/Conclusion

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using modals

2. Using action verbs

3. Using thinking verbs

4. Using adverbs

5. Using adjective

6. Using technical terms

7. Using general and abstract noun

8. Using connectives/transition

Ex:

I personally believe that libraries are among humanity’s most important institutions for several reasons.
Firstly, most of humanity’s collective knowledge is stored in libraries. Secondly, libraries protect and preserve this knowledge. They also classify or group the materials into logical and easily available divisions.
Furthermore, libraries make the materials available to everyone and even provide librarians to help us find what we need.
Finally, libraries are our link to the past and our gift to the future.
From the facts above, I conclude that libraries are important institutions for humanity.

7. HORTATORY EXPOSITION : To persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done

Generic Structure:

1. Thesis

2. Arguments

3. Recommendation

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using Simple Present Tense

2. Using modals

3. Using action verbs

4. Using thinking verbs

5. Using adverbs

6. Using adjective

7. Using technical terms

8. Using general and abstract noun

9. Using connectives/transition 

Ex:

Television becomes one of the most important devices which takes place in almost houses. It can unite all members of the family as well as separate them. However, is it important to know what your kids are watching? The answer is, of course, absolutely “Yes” and that should be done by all parents. Television can expose things you have tried to protect the children from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism and so on.

Recently, a study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV during the day or at bedtime often cause bed-time disruption, stress, and short sleep duration.

Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of time spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the possibility of being aggressive.
Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV a lot and being inactive and overweight.
Considering some facts mentioning above, protect your children with the following tips:
1. Limit television viewing to one-two hours each day
2. Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their own bedrooms
3. Review the rating of TV shows which your children watch
4. Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening in the show

8. PROCEDURE : To help readers how to do or make something completely
Generic Structure:
1. Goal/Aim
2. Materials/Equipments
3. Steps/Methods
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using Imperatives sentence
3. Using adverb
4. Using technical terms 
Ex:

MATERIALS :
- One pack of instant noodle
- Water
PROCEDURE :
- First, boil two glasses of water in a pan.
- Then, open the package of Indomie fried noodles.
- While waiting for the water to boil, pour the seasoning: chili sauce, soya sauce and oil into a bowl.
- After the water is boiled, drain the noodles.
- Next, throw away the water.
- Then, pour the noodles into the bowl.
- After that, mix the noodles with the seasoning, sauce, and the other ingredients.
- Now, your noodles are ready.

9.DISCUSSION :To present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’)
Generic Structure:
1. Issue
2. Arguments for and against
3. Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Use of relating verb/to be
3. Using thinking verb
4. Using general and abstract noun
5. Using conjunction/transition
6. Using modality
7. Using adverb of manner
Ex :
Curriculum 2013 started to be implented on the school academic year 2013/2014. Although it has been officially used but the latest curriculum is still still raising the pros and cons among educational practitioners.
Those who support it state that Curriculum 2013 is actually aiming to solidify the lessons so it does not burden the students. As a result, students will focus on the challenges of the future of the nation. So also with the teachers, they are not burdened in the preparation of the Education Unit Level Curriculum.
Further Curriculum 2013 itself is actually not something new. Curriculum 2013 is a combination of two kinds of earlier educational curriculum in Indonesia; CBSA (active student learning) and KTSP (education level curriculum). It is very advategeous as CBSA teaches students to be critical.
Conversely, those who do not agree with Curriculum 2013 state the new curriculum is less focus because it combines the learning subjects. In primary school it combines science subjects with Indonesian. According to them combining two subjects into one material may not be effective as it does not consider teacher’s competences in most of schools in different regions in Indonesia.
Some parents also do not aggree with Curriculum 2013 as they still want that English is given to students from primary school. They argue that mastering foreign language need long time and prcess and it is good if statred from earlier. They added that many sources of common knowledges is written in foreign language, especially English.
The reason for the application of Curriculum 2013 also does not have a strong foundation. There is no in-depth study of the causes of the failure of previous curriculum which makes it to be replaced with the new one
Finally the pros and cons are always there. Curriculum 2013 has been already implemented. Will this new curriculum successfully lead education in Indonesia to move forward? We’re all going to see it.

10: REVIEW : To critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretative Recount
4. Evaluation
5. Evaluative Summation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor 
Ex:
Avatar is a 2009 American epic science fiction motion capture film written and directed by James Cameron, and starring Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana, Stephen Lang, Michelle Rodriguez, Joel David Moore, Giovanni Ribisi and Sigourney Weaver. Following the film's success, Cameron signed with 20th Century Fox to produce two sequels, making Avatar the first of a planned trilogy.
A former Marine named Jake limping selected to join the Avatar program and sent to another planet called Pandora. In Pandora, which is a Na'vi tribe living primitive animals are similar and have the ability as human beings. Na'vi tribe considers that the arrival of humans the earth as a threat, then the war broke out between the human world with Na'vi tribe. Because humans can not breathe earth directly on the planet Pandora, then Jake was changed to a figure like a tribe of Na'vi in order to mingle. Jake also explore the planet Pandora, after meeting with a woman named tribe Na'vi Neytiri, Jake fell in love with her. Finally, Jake is faced with a confused where he must decide which side should be defended, as both a determinant of the fate of the earth and tribal Na'vi.
This most expensive film deserves be given 2 thumbs. The film "Avatar the Movie" by director James Cameron is inviting a lot of admiration from the audience. Avatar is a semi-real film, meaning that part using 3D animation. Although 3D animation in some scenes look cheap aka obviously animated, but I think it is not too disturbing film Avatar as a whole. With Avatar the Movie, James Cameron re-considered the king of the world's movies. After previously also rocked the audience emotionally with "Titanic" movie.
Is it a great movie? I think yes. It’s very amazing film I have ever seen. There are no major plot holes I could see. The technology is brilliant and used well, and the setting itself is gorgeous.
 

11: ANECDOTE : To share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident
Generic Structure:
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda.
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers
2. Using material process
3. Using temporal conjunctions
Ex:
The young husband clearly loved to cook and the dinners he served his new wife convinced her that she was indeed a lucky woman.
One thing puzzled her, though, and at last she decided to enquire. “Oh, my dear. Why do you always cut a smal piece off the end of the roast before you put it into the oven?”
“Well, to tell the truth. I do it because my mother always does it,” he replied.
At the next family gathering, the wife decided to satisfy her curiosity. She drew her mother in law aside and put the question to her. The older woman went a bit red, and replied, “Well, to tell the truth, I do it because my mother always does it.”
Undaunted, the wife waited until they paid a visit to eighty years old Nan. Knowing she’d enjoy hearing the story, she told her about her persevering quest to find the answer to the chopped off roast.
“Incredible,” she croacked. “Imagine the two of them doing that!. ”Why, I only cut the piece off because my pan was too small.”

12: SPOOF : To tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Twist
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged
Ex:
The king wanted to test Abu Nawas’ smartness. So he invited Abu Nawas to the palace. “You want me, your Majesty?” greeted Abu Nawas. “Yes, you have fooled me three times and that’s too much. I want you to leave the country. Otherwise you will have to go to jail” said the king. “If that is what you want, I will do what you said” said Abu Nawas sadly. Then “Remember, from tomorrow you may not step on the ground of this country anymore” the king said seriously. Then Abu nawas left the king palace sadly.
The following morning the king ordered his two guards to go to Abu Nawas’ house. The guards were very surprised found Abu Nawas still in his house. He had not left the country yet. Instead leaving the country, Abu Nawas was swimming in small pool in front of his house. “Hey Abu Nawas, why haven’t you left this country yet? The king ordered you not to step on the ground of this country anymore, didn’t he?” said the guards. “Sure he did” answered Abu Nawas calmly. “But look at me! Do I step on the ground of this country? No, I do not step on the ground. I am swimming on the water” continued Abu Nawas.
The guards were not able to argue with Abu Nawas so they left Abu Nawas’ house and went back to the palace. The guards reported what they had seen to the king. The king was curious on Abu Nawas’ excuse not to leave the country. Therefore the king ordered his guard to call Abu Nawas to come to the palace.
Abu Nawas came to the palace on stilts. The king wondered and said “Abu, I will surely punish you because you haven’t done what I have said. You have not left this country”. The King continued “And now, look at you. You walk on stilts like a child. Are you crazy? The king pretended to be furious.“I remember exactly what you said, Your Majesty” Abu Nawas answered calmly. “This morning I took a bath in the small pool in my house so that I had not to step on the ground. And since yesterday, I have been walking on this stilts. So you see, Your Majesty, I do not step on the ground of this country”. The king was not able to say anything. 

13: NEWS ITEM : To inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Newsworthy event
2. Background events
3. Sources
Dominant Language Features:
1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
2. Using action verbs
3. Using saying verbs
4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner
Ex:

A 16-year-old boy has survived a dangerous journey hidden in the wheel well of airplane. It was a 5-hour flight from California to Hawaii.
The boy had run away from home and climbed a fence at the airport in San Jose, California. He crossed the tarmac and crawled into the wheel well of Hawaiian Airlines flight 45.
According to FBI special agent Tom Simon, The boy quickly lost consciousness as temperatures in the compartment sank as low as minus 80 degrees Fahrenheit. It was 62 degrees Celsius below zero.
The boy got an apparent miracle. After he had been unconscious for most of the journey,  the boy regained his consciousness about an hour after the plane landed on Sunday morning. The boy hopped down from the wheel well. He started wandering around the airport grounds, where was spotted by ground crew.
The boy was turned over to local child protection officials. A medical examination showed that he appeared to have been unharmed.
Since records began in 1947, about 100 wheel well stowaways are thought to have attempted to board flights. Around three-quarters of them died.“Our primary concern now is for the well-being of the boy, who is exceptionally lucky to have survived” Hawaiian Airlines said in a statement